But in a recent paper, published in Plant and Cell Physiology, Riechers’ research team documented another example of waterhemp going off script. Therefore, they assumed waterhemp used the same mechanism to detoxify the chemical. Scientists have known for years that corn, soybeans, and sorghum use GSTs to metabolize S-metolachlor, a soil-applied herbicide offering residual weed control. The research group is on a roll with unexpected findings. Riechers says this deviation from standard biochemical detoxification patterns represents something truly novel and potentially damaging for crop producers. We don’t see corn preparing chemicals for attack by GSTs. “It’s surprising because not only did the phase-one reactions not proceed as expected, we didn’t even anticipate GSTs to be involved for this class of herbicides. “Along with the removal of a water molecule in the first phase, the addition of those electrons prepared the phase-two GST enzymes to detoxify SA3,” Concepcion says. But for SA3, GSTs did the heavy lifting of detoxification. Phase-two enzymes known as GSTs are normally not activated for Callisto because p450s get the job done so quickly and efficiently in corn. But in resistant waterhemp, the opposite happened: electrons were added to SA3 molecules. The first involves a group of enzymes known as p450s that remove electrons from toxic compounds, making them less reactive inside plant cells. Riechers and postdoctoral associate Crystal Concepcion traced the biochemical reactions inside resistant waterhemp plants when treated with SA3.ĭetoxification of herbicides and other toxic compounds usually happens in distinct phases. Our research reinforces that we need to rely more on nonchemical control methods and make sure weeds don’t go to seed.” “Companies don’t want to invest 10 to 15 years in developing a new herbicide, patent and release it, and find it doesn’t work on day one. We’ve just shown that this is a reality,” Riechers says. “We’ve always known metabolic resistance is dangerous because it could confer resistance to a yet-to-be-discovered herbicide. The discovery means waterhemp could theoretically be resistant to new herbicide products before they even hit the shelves. It’s using a completely different mechanism, adding to the complexity of controlling this weed,” says Dean Riechers, professor in the Department of Crop Sciences at U of I and coauthor on a new study in New Phytologist. “This is probably the first known example where waterhemp has evolved a detox mechanism that a crop doesn’t have. That’s why it’s especially surprising that HPPD-resistant waterhemp can detoxify SA3. Weeds like waterhemp typically evolve detoxification systems that mimic corn’s.
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